Sector · ICM · On-chain issuance

Internet Capital Markets

$700M+Pump.fun lifetime fees
$69KGraduate market cap
1,000+ / dayLaunches at peak

Fundraising, issuance, and capital formation done as a programmable primitive rather than a multi-month legal process. Bonding curves, launchpads, and the new shape of going-to-market.

The internet capital market is the idea that any group of people anywhere should be able to capitalize a thing in real time. Alon Cohen · Pump.fun founder interview, 2024
descend

Internet Capital Markets is the frame Alon and the Pump.fun team gave to what they were doing — bonding-curve token launches, no team allocation, no presale, anyone can launch in 30 seconds. Pump.fun went live on Solana in January 2024 and crossed $700M in lifetime revenue inside its first year. The mechanic is brutal and elegant: a bonding curve front-runs price discovery, the token graduates to Raydium at a $69K market cap, and 99 percent of launches go to zero. The 1 percent that don't are the meta.

The category sprawled fast. Daos.fun lets groups crowdfund treasuries with tokenized governance. Believe (formerly Clout) is the X-native launcher Pasternak's team built. Virtuals on Base did the same mechanic for AI agents — every agent gets a bonding curve, aixbt was the breakout. LetsBonk and Moonshot are the BONK-affiliated and Jupiter-affiliated venues. Sunpump is the Tron clone. Bags came later with a creator-coin angle. The pattern: lower the floor on capitalizing an idea from millions to dollars, accept that most of it is noise.

The honest critique is that ICM is a PvP slot machine wearing capital-formation clothes. Almost every token rugs. Sniper bots win the first ten blocks. Retail loses on the curve. The optimistic frame, which the founders genuinely hold, is that the median launch is noise but the long tail produces things that couldn't have been capitalized any other way — niche communities, AI agents, art experiments, joke-coins-that-became-real-companies. The thesis is that 2025 looks dumb and 2030 looks like the moment capital formation went from quarters to seconds. Both are likely true.

The IPO, compressed into a transaction.
The seminal text

The founding document.

Pump.fun: Bonding Curve Issuance for Memecoins
Alon Cohen · Noah Tweedale · Dylan Kerler · 2024
Capitalising an idea used to take months — incorporation, legal, distribution, listing. We made it 30 seconds. A name, a ticker, an image, and a curve. The curve front-runs price discovery; the token graduates to Raydium at a fixed market cap; the issuance unit is now free. Most launches go to zero. The 1% that don't are the meta.
pump.fun →
Internet Capital Markets, on-stream

Five primitives of the ICM stack.

Internet Capital Markets is what fundraising looks like when the unit of issuance is a memecoin and the audience is X. Pump.fun made token creation a one-click action with a bonding curve that graduates to Raydium at a fixed market cap. Daos.fun made on-chain treasuries trivially launchable. Believe wired token issuance directly into X posts. Virtuals tokenized AI agents. Sniper bots made the launch mechanics a high-frequency game. Five primitives of how the meta runs.

Bonding-curve issuance
Pump.fun
2024

Pump.fun (Solana, January 2024) is a bonding curve launchpad — anyone creates a token with a name, ticker, image, and starts the curve. As buyers add SOL, the price climbs along the curve; when the market cap hits $69K, the curve graduates and seeds a Raydium pool with the accumulated liquidity. By mid-2024 it was responsible for the majority of new tokens deployed across all chains. A few graduate to lasting markets; most are 24-hour memes. Made the issuance unit free. The economic implications are still being absorbed.

AMM design
Bonding curve mechanics
primitive

Pump.fun's bonding curve is a virtual AMM with all liquidity on one side at launch. Each buy raises the token price along a deterministic curve; each sell lowers it. No price discovery via order book — the curve is the price function. At graduation threshold, the SOL collected and tokens remaining are deposited into Raydium and the curve is retired. The mechanism is old (Bancor 2017, Friend.tech 2023); pump.fun's contribution was making it disposable, frictionless, and culturally legible at the meme-token launch unit.

Launch HFT
Sniper bots
ongoing

Sniper bots monitor pump.fun and similar launchers for new tokens, simulate the curve, and place buys in the same block as token creation — often the deployer's own block. The economics: get in at near-zero market cap, sell into retail FOMO before the curve climbs significantly. Bot operators run dozens of wallets to spread sniping across launches. The arms race spawned anti-snipe mechanics (delayed trading, bundle protections), counter-counter-bots, and increasingly opaque bundler economics. Most pump.fun launches resolve to a few snipers extracting from a few dozen retail buyers.

Treasury launcher
Daos.fun
2024

Daos.fun (Solana, 2024) launches on-chain treasuries with token-gated membership. Buyers fund a treasury during a window; the treasury closes; the token trades against the treasury's NAV; the DAO deploys capital according to whatever mandate it announced. ai16z (the autonomous AI agent DAO) was the breakout — Marc Andreessen-themed AI persona running an actual on-chain treasury through 2024-25. The mechanism turned 'launch a fund' into a same-day operation accessible to anyone with a wallet. Regulatory exposure is genuine; the rails work.

Specialized launchers
Believe / Virtuals
2024

Believe is an X-native token launcher — post a token concept on X, the launcher mints it, distribution is wired into the social platform where attention is priced. Virtuals (Base) tokenizes AI agents specifically — every agent ships with its own token and treasury. Both are specializations of pump.fun's primitive into specific cultural contexts. Virtuals' Luna and aixbt agents ran multi-hundred-million-dollar market caps off autonomous social posts. The pattern: pump.fun-style issuance plus a specific persona format produces persistent (if volatile) markets.

Working set

Projects we actually watch.

Conviction is stated as conviction; you decide what to do with it. Tiers below — Core, Conviction, Watch, Speculative — reflect how much of FRQNCY's attention each project currently earns, not a recommendation to buy.

Virtuals ProtocolVIRTUALVirtuals ProtocolPump.funPUMPPump.funBABagsBEBelieveDADaos.fun
29.04 Pump.fun lifetime fees cross $700M. Daos.fun ships AI-agent treasury templates. Believe X-launches surpass 1000 tokens daily. The launchpad meta moved from speculation to issuance primitives the regulators are watching. desk
Virtuals Protocol
Virtuals Protocol
VIRTUAL · Base
core
AIInfrastructure
Platform for creating, co-owning, and monetizing AI agents. Tokenized AI characters that generate revenue across games, social, and entertainment.
Why FRQNCY watches thisVirtuals is where AI meets collective ownership. Communities can co-create and profit from AI agents — decentralizing the value of artificial intelligence.
Pump.fun
Pump.fun
PUMP · solana
conviction
DeFiLaunchpad
no website DeFi
BA
Bags
watch
no website Crypto
BE
Believe
watch
no website Crypto
DA
Daos.fun
watch
no website Crypto
LE
LetsBonk
watch
no website Crypto
MO
Moonshot
watch
no website Crypto
SU
Sunpump
watch
no website Crypto
A practice

Five small things, repeated.

Conviction is theatre without practice. Five steps that turn the thesis above into something the body actually does, not just something the mind agrees with.

i
Launch a token on Pump.fun.

Cost is a few dollars. Watch the bonding curve. Watch it die. The mechanic is the lesson.

ii
Trade one ICM launch from $0 to graduation.

Most won't graduate. The ones that do teach you about momentum, snipers, and exit liquidity.

iii
Read the Pump.fun bonding curve formula.

Linear price-per-supply. Graduate at $69K. The math takes ten minutes and explains a year of timeline.

iv
Back a Daos.fun treasury.

Pool capital with strangers around a thesis. Vote on deployment. Feel the on-chain LP fund experience.

v
Hold one ICM token for 90 days.

Pick the one with real cultural weight, not the highest pump. See if anything is left.

Two doors. Pick one.

The Crypto hub is the index of all sectors and the freedom-technology frame they share. The Fund is what happens when the same conviction gets put to work on behalf of the network.

Capitalizing an idea used to take months. It now takes 30 seconds.
Most of it is noise. Some of it is the future.
The price is real. The conviction is yours to bring.

Issue your own market.

FRQNCY · Crypto